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Neural correlates of music recognition in Down syndrome.
The brain mechanisms that subserve music recognition remain unclear despite increasing interest in this process. Here we report the results of a magnetoencephalography experiment to determine the temporal dynamics and spatial distribution of brain regions activated during listening to a familiar and unfamiliar instrumental melody in control adults and adults with Down syndrome (DS). In the control group, listening to the familiar melody relative to the unfamiliar melody, revealed early and significant activations in the left primary auditory cortex, followed by activity in the limbic and sensory-motor regions and finally, activation in the motor related areas. In the DS group, listening to the familiar melody relative to the unfamiliar melody revealed increased significant activations in only three regions. Activity began in the left primary auditory cortex and the superior temporal gyrus and was followed by enhanced activity in the right precentral gyrus. These data suggest that familiar music is associated with auditory-motor coupling but does not activate brain areas involved in emotional processing in DS. These findings reveal new insights on the neural basis of music perception in DS as well as the temporal course of neural activity in control adults.
Brain Cogn. 2012 Dec 27;81(2):256-262. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.11.007. Virji-Babul N, Moiseev A, Sun W, Feng T, Moiseeva N, Watt KJ, Huotilainen M. Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Canada. Electronic address: nvb31@mail.ubc.ca.
Any behavior that is repeated often enough becomes a habit. Once a habit become so engrained in your mind and body that normal processes are interfered with, the habit goes to the extreme of becoming an addiction. Unfortunately, in many ways these behaviors become part of your personality. In fact, they become part of your identity. Nevertheless, change is an option – if you have the know-how.
Your actions and thoughts become habits because your brain and body are set up to work with and in patterns. These patterns represent real pathways that connect your neurons in your brain and...
The concept of hypnosis is one that involves many misconceptions and incorrect definitions. Some tried to define hypnosis based upon a variety of results that may be observed. For instance, a hypnotic subject may experience mental and physical manifestations that are somewhat different than normal. Heightened awareness, which is also called a trance state, frequently happens when a person undergoes what would be considered some form of hypnotic ritual. The existence of a trance state is central to the definition used by many hypnotherapeutic associations and the American Psychological...
Our ability to sense other people's feelings is the key to survival with any civilized society. It may also be directly related to our ability to learn languages and customs. The discovery of mirror neurons in the 1990s showed that are empathetic nature is very much a part of our neurophysiology. Additionally, other neuroscientists have frequently discussed the fact that properly nurtured and socialized infants and children have also developed specific parts of the brain, which are associated with the ability to show empathy. People without these abilities are often called sociopaths or...
